Marketing theory and concepts Essay Example for Free

trade theory and concepts EssayEvery business wither its small or big, bespeak to meet the take of their actual and potential customers. In order for them to do this, they need to follow some sort of theory and concept. This assignment will be looking at the merchandising theory and merchandiseing concepts which are portrayed in the traditional trade literature, and how they have limited application in command small business merchandise come. selling plays a vital role not only in developing, producing, and selling harvest-tides or services, however also in guiding recruiting labors and raising capital. Although it fuel be said that conquestful entrepreneurs undertake marketing in unusual ways. They mainly rely on interactive marketing methods, which is often communicated through word-of-mouth rather than a to a greater extent traditional marketing mix. Entrepreneurs monitor the marketplace through informal networks rather than formalised market research, and genera lly adopt more entrepreneurial approaches to marketing activities. However, depending on the business model, a complex and formalised initial market research can be crucial for a successful market entry.There are many marketing theories that are used in traditional marketing literature much(prenominal) as Schumpeter (1934) who said that entrepreneurs proactively created opportunity, using innovative combinations which often included creative destruction of passive or lethargic economic markets.According to Schumpeter the role of an entrepreneur is to innovate, and by doing this, you move the economy from one equilibrium to an otherwise. This kind of innovation could come about from one or more introduction of a fresh product a saucy method of production the development of a new market the use of new sources of raw material, and the reorganisation of a new industriousness or its processes. He also distinguished between the entrepreneur and the capitalist. Schumpeter agreed with the fact, that in practice an innovator could also actually be a capitalist.Another closely-kn have theorist next to Schumpeter is Kirzner (1973) who said that entrepreneurs should have a sense of alertness to identify the opportunities in the market and exploit them accordingly . He states Thepure entrepreneur, on the other hand, proceeds by his alertness to discover and exploit situations in which he is able to sell for high prices that which he can buy for low prices. Pure entrepreneur profit is the difference between the two sets of prices. The discovery of a profit opportunity means the discovery of something gettable for nothing at all. No investment at all is required the free ten-dollar bill is discovered to be already within one is grasps (Kirzner, 1973, 48).The marketing concept has tiltd significantly over time. In todays business world the customer is at the forefront, not all businesses in the past followed this concept, as they placed other factors first rather than th eir customers this is shown as followsProduction Oriented was the focus of the actual business and not the customer needs, as where this has now changed and we can unwrap that it is more focused on customer needs.Production Orientation is when the company believe that they have a superior product, based on quality and features. Due to this mentation the company assume the customers will like it to. In todays market the customers decide as to what product they like.Sales Orientation is the focus where the company makes a product or provides a service, and then sells or offers it to the target market. This causes problems, as consumers may not like what is being offered to them, which is why companies are making sure that they attempt their services out, to a small group of the target audience.Market Orientation concept has not actually changed over time, it puts the customers first, as the companies try to understand the needs of the customers by using appropriate research methods . These methods are then developed to make sure information from customers, are fed back to the company for them to see what the target audience are interested in .SMEs who may adapt the marketing concept or 4Ps do so fully rather than explicitly (Carson and Gilmore, 2000). Jaworski and Kohli, (1990) also commented on the limitations of the marketing concept (p15). Therefore, theSME approach is characterized by networking with stakeholders awareness to customer needs (Gilmore, Carson and Grant, 2001 Hill and Wright, 2001). Which is characterized by the size of these firms and their closeness to customers, (Gilmore, Carson, ODonnell and Cummins, 1999) as well as inexpensive forms of marketing such as word of mouth (Gilmore 1999). It is vital for SMEs to set the 4Ps, target a market and position themselves, but how this is through and planned is an important issue as it helps guiding a small business to success.Differences between traditional market literature and variants produced du ring the 1960s were mainly due to the addition of concepts popularized during that decade. For example, Cundiff and Still covered an analysis of the 4 Ps of marketing with the concept that marketing is a subsystem of business. (Cundiff, E.W., Still, R.R. 1976)The basic principles of marketing are generally relevant to large and small businesses. Marketing in SMEs has been recognized as a problematic area for researchers for over 20 years (Chaston and Mangles, 2002 Siu and Kirby, 1998). SME marketing in practice is considered to be mainly done though networking (Gilmore 2001) or a combination of transaction, relationship, interaction and network marketing (Brodie 1997). Recently the use of Internet marketing (Chaffey 2000) or e-commerce (Rayport and Jaworski, 2001) has become popular in all types of businesses including SMEs.Marketing in practice in small firms seem to rely mainly on personal come to networks (Hill and Wright, 2001 Gilmore 2001 Brodie 1997) and is often driven by the particular way a manager does business. According to Gilmore (2001) marketing in SMEs is likely to be chaotic, informal, loose, unstructured, spontaneous, and reactive and conform to industry norms. Gilmore (2001) showed that as a result of networking there was a high level of communication between the SME manager and their competitors then what is usually reported in the marketing literature as well as competing firms may be quite supportive of each other.Similarly, networking with customers usually involves building a relationship with one or two key individuals in those companies. If these individuals were to leave then the relationship the company would break (Gilmore 2001). SME owners must recognize thatbuilding relationships are vital to a companys success and they invest a considerable amount of time and effort in maintaining good relations with regular clients (Gilmore 2001). The foundation and existence of an effective networking is concerned with maximise marketing op portunities and ensuring the enterprises survival and development (Gilmore 2001).Something, which is more important, in todays world, is having a foot in the business market, which is constantly changing to meet customer needs. The tables have been move on the fortunes of many long-established firms. Its believed that a majority of firms that are in trouble, and those that have failed recently, have done so because they have been let down by their own marketing. Traditional marketing is now being turned. The ideas of marketing and branding strategy that passed for conventional wisdom before do not hold true today. A small but growing number of innovative firms have adopted completely new and differentiate approaches in marketing, reflecting a clear and unmistakable change in the global culture.In this era of globalisation and the Internet the consumer is behaving in a radically different way and is no longer vulnerable to the overworked ploys of marketing. The stick in times call for a new competition one that strays from the prescriptions that traditional marketing theory holds, that sometimes works in a way that it is incompatible to it and that lays focus on network-building and pulling the customer above all else. Many experienced hands in corporate boardrooms are oblivious to these shifting sands and evolving trends, and are paying the price as a result.In general the basic principles and concepts of marketing are as relevant to SMEs as it is to larger firms, but some theories, tools and techniques of marketing are not as relevant or useful to SMEs. The nature of SME marketing is the concept, which is mainly dominated by the inherent characteristics of the entrepreneur and the SME itself. Although not all small business may take the marketing theories and concepts in to consideration, while carrying out some sort of market research they will have come a across them. They may have limited application in todays marketing world but they do provide the r ear for which a business can perplex their research on which helps guiding them in to the marketing practice. Therefore marketing theories and Conceptsportrayed in the traditional marketing literature has limited application in guiding small business marketing practice although they give the business a rough base to start their market practice.Competition and Entrepreneurship, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and LondonCarson, D. and A. Gilmore, (2000), Marketing at the Interface Not What But How, daybook of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 8Kohli, A. K. and B. J. Jaworski, (1990), The Construct, Research Propositions, and Managerial Implications, Journal of Marketing,(Gilmore, Carson and Grant, 2001 Hill and Wright, 2001). Gilmore, A., D. Carson and K. Grant (2001), SME Marketing in Practice, MarketingIntelligence and Planning, Vol. 19(Gilmore, Carson, ODonnell and Cummins, 1999) Added value A QualitativeAssessment of SME Marketing, Irish Marketing Review(Cundiff, E.W. , Still, R.R. 1976), Fundamentals of Modern Marketing, 2nd ed.)Chaston, I and Mangles, T. (2002) Small Business Marketing Management.Siu, W. and Kirby, D.A. (1998) Approaches to small firm marketing A Critique. European Journal of Marketing, vol. 32, no.Brodie, R.J., Coviello, N.E., Brookes, R.W. and Little, V. (1997) Towards a Paradigm Shiftin Marketing? An Examination of Current Marketing Practices. Journal of Marketing Management,Chaffey, D., Mayer, R., Johnston, K. and Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2000) Internet Marketing. Prentice Hall, Harlow, EnglandRayport, J. F. and Jaworski, B. J. (2001) e-Commerce. McGraw-Hill, Boston, USA.Hill, J. and Wright, L. T. (2001) A Qualitative Research Agenda for Small to Medium-sized Enterprises. Marketing Intelligence and Planning,http//www.druid.dk/uploads/tx_picturedb/ds1998-9.pdfhttps//www.mises.org/journals/scholar/wood.pdfhttp//knight.fcu.edu.tw/gunning/subjecti/workpape/kirz_ent.pdfBooksHandbook of Entrepreneurship Research and Interdisciplinary Survey and Introduction By Zoltan J Acs, David B